Corresponding author: Maria Claudia Gross (
Academic editor: I. Bakloushinskaya
Gomes Júnior RG, Schneider CH, Lira T, Carvalho NDM, Feldberg E, de Silva MNF, Gross MC (2016) Intense genomic reorganization in the genus
The order
Currently, 16 species are recognized within this genus (
Karyotypes recorded for species of the genus Diploid Number fundamental number
Species | Location |
|
|
Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
|
Jari river – |
72 | 80 |
|
|
Jatapu river – |
64 66 | 110 114 | Present paper Present paper |
São Lourenço da Mata – |
60 | 62 |
|
|
|
Jari river – |
54 | 82 |
|
|
|
80 | – |
|
|
80 | 124 |
|
|
|
Curanja river – |
80 | 134 |
|
|
Curanja river – |
80 | 136 |
|
|
Juruá river – |
80 | 140 |
|
|
Purus and Jatapu river – |
80 | 142 | Present paper |
|
? Hydropower plant UEH Samuel – |
82 | 110 |
|
|
Jari river – |
82 | 116 |
|
|
Jurua river – |
86 | 98 |
|
|
60 | 62 | ||
|
Ubatuba – |
60 | 64 | Pinheiro e Geise (2008) |
|
86 | 98 |
|
|
|
|
58 | – |
|
|
|
60 | – |
|
|
Villavicencio – |
60 | 62 |
|
|
|
60 | – | Andrade and Bonvicino (2003) |
|
|
61 | – | Andrade and Bonvicino (2003) |
|
Curanja River – |
80 | 112 |
|
|
DF, |
60 | 62 | |
|
Environment Park – |
68 | 72 |
|
|
Marajó island – |
70 | 72 |
|
|
Environment Park – |
70 | 76 |
|
|
Jari river – |
62 | 80 |
|
|
|
80 | 114 |
|
|
Juruá river – |
82 | 106 |
|
|
Negro river – |
54 | 90 | Present paper |
|
80 | 108 | ||
|
Jurua river – |
58 | 96 |
|
Cuieiras river – |
54 | 84 |
|
|
Jatapu – |
54 | 86 |
|
|
|
72 | 90 | Andrade and Bonvicino (2003) |
*The location indicates the sampled countries or Brazilian states. = Amazonas = Goiás = Mato Grosso do Sul = Pará = Paraíba = Pernambuco = Rio de Janeiro = Rondônia = Roraima = São Paulo = Colombia = Mexico = Panama = Peru = Suriname
Hence, in the present study, we used classic and molecular cytogenetics approaches in order to enable the genetic characterization of three species of the genus
Thirty specimens were collected from five locations in the Brazilian Amazon (Fig. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia – Colégio Brasileiro de Experimentação Animal – Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade –
Map of the Brazilian Amazon, indicating the collection sites. The left and right banks of the following Amazonas state rivers were sampled: = Bolivia = Peru = Ecuador = Colombia = Venezuela = Guyana = Suriname = French Guyana = Roraima = Amapa = Amazonas = Para = Rondonia = Acre = Maranhão = Piaui = Tocantins = Bahia = Mato Grosso = Goias = Minas Gerais
Species of diploid number fundamental number Nucleolus organizer region
Species | Voucher | Sex | Collection sites |
|
|
Karyotype formula |
|
18S | 5S |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
M | Brazil, |
64 | 110 | 12m+10sm+26st +16a+XY | 10p and 14p | 10p and 14p | 5p |
|
M | 66 | 112 | 16m+6sm+26st+ 14a+XY | |||||
M | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||
M | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||
|
|
M | Brazil, |
80 | 142 | 18m+10sm+36st+ 14a+XY | 15p, 18p, 21p, 22p and 26p | 2p, 3p, 13p, 15p, 16p, 18p, 19p, 21p, 22p, 25p 26p and 30p | 7p |
|
M | Brazil, |
|||||||
|
M | ||||||||
|
M | ||||||||
|
F | ||||||||
M | Brazil, |
– | – | – | – | – | – | ||
F | Brazil, |
– | – | – | – | – | – | ||
M | Brazil, |
– | – | – | – | – | – | ||
M | Brazil, |
– | – | – | – | – | – | ||
|
|
F | Brazil, |
54 | 90 | 24m+6sm+8st+ 14a+XX | 4p and 23p | 4p and 23p | 1p |
|
F | ||||||||
|
F | ||||||||
|
M | ||||||||
F | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||
M | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||
F | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||
F | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||
F | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||
F | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||
F | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||
F | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||
F | Brazil, |
– | – | – | – | – | – | ||
M | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||
F | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||
M | Brazil, |
– | – | – | – | – | – | ||
M | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||
F | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Mitotic chromosomal preparations were obtained using the protocol described by Ford and Harmerton (1956), with some modifications. Nucleolus organizing regions (NORs), heterochromatin and G-banding were identified through silver nitrate staining (
Slides were screened for metaphases, at least 30 for each technique were analyzed and the best metaphases were photo-documented using an Olympus BX-51 epifluorescence microscope. Chromosomes were organized by decreasing size, and their morphology was determined based on the centromere position, being classified as metacentric submetacentric subtelocentric acrocentric
DNA was extracted according to the protocol described by cytochrome oxidase subunit I polymerase chain reaction
Sequences were manually aligned using BioEdit v7.2.2 software ( (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) Kimura 2 parameter
Two different diploid numbers were observed along the same bank of the Jatapú River: Karyomorph “a” exhibited
Karyotypic characteristics of male
Karyotypic characteristics of male
18S rDNA loci were visualized on chromosome pairs 10 and 14 of both karyomorphs, while the single 5S rDNA loci was located on pair 5 of karyomorph “a” and pair 7 of karyomorph “b” (Figs interstitial telomeric sequences
Karyotypic characteristics of
Karyotypic characteristics of
A total of 86
Bayesian tree of the cytochrome oxidase I gene. The probabilistic support is presented above the branches. Letters (
The identification of
The available chromosomal data for
Establishing the evolutionary direction of chromosomal rearrangements is not always possible because most of the available painting data for the
Both
Current phylogenetic and karyotypic data suggest the existence of a complex of
The diploid number determined for
Based on the amplitude of the genus distribution,
In the present work, NORs were found to be preferentially located in the terminal regions of chromosomes, and their number increased with the diploid number; this pattern is also present in other members of the family
The intra- and interspecific variations observed in the diploid number of
The authors thank the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation [Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade] for granting the license (10832-1 /35513-1), the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Amazonas [Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal do Amazonas] for approving the field work (042/2013-CEEA/UFAM), and the SISBIOTA Amazônia team for performing the collections. Financial support was provided by the National Counsel for Scientific and Technological Development (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico – CNPq; 573976/2008-2, 558318/2009-6, 563348/2010-0), the Brazilian Federal Agency for the Support and Evaluation of Graduate Education [Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – CAPES; Pro-Amazon Program: Biodiversity and Sustainability (Programa Pró-Amazônia: Biodiversidade E Sustentabilidade) Call no. 047 / 2012], and FAPEAM Edital P N. 020/2013. This study was supported by a graduate fellowship from CAPES to TLM and Research Productivity grants from CNPq to Eliana Feldberg.
Species | Genbank n° | Collection sites |
---|---|---|
|
|
Suriname – Sipaliwini river |
|
Suriname – Sipaliwini river | |
|
Suriname – Kutari River | |
|
Suriname – Kutari River | |
|
Suriname – Kutari River | |
|
Suriname: Brownsberg Nature Park | |
|
Suriname: Brownsberg Nature Park | |
|
Suriname: Brownsberg Nature Park | |
|
Suriname: Sipaliwini River | |
|
Suriname | |
|
Suriname | |
|
Guiana: Upper Demerara-Berbice, West Pibiri, Mabura | |
|
Guiana: Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo | |
|
Guiana: Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo | |
|
Guiana: Potaro-Siparuni | |
|
Guiana: Potaro-Siparuni | |
|
Guiana: Cuyuni-Mazaruni | |
|
Guiana: Cuyuni-Mazaruni | |
|
|
Equador: Parque Nacional Yasuni |
|
Equador: Napo, Parque Nacional Yasuni | |
|
Equador: Orellana, Onkone Gare | |
|
Guiana: Demerara-Mahaic | |
|
Guiana: Barima-Waini | |
|
Guiana: Barima-Waini | |
|
Guiana: Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo | |
|
Guiana: Potaro-Siparuni | |
|
Guiana: Potaro-Siparuni | |
|
Equador: Orellana | |
|
Suriname: Sipaliwini | |
|
Suriname: Sipaliwini | |
|
|
Equador: Napo, Parque Nacional Yasuni |
|
Equador: Orellana, Onkone Gare | |
|
Equador: Orellana | |
|
|
Guiana: Potaro-Siparuni |
|
Guiana: Potaro-Siparuni | |
|
Guiana: 40 Km NE of Surama | |
|
Suriname | |
|
|
Guiana: Potaro-Siparuni |
|
|
Suriname: Kutari River Camp |
|
Guiana: Potaro-Siparuni | |
|
Guiana: Potaro-Siparuni | |
|
Guiana: Potaro-Siparuni Kabukalli Landing, Iwokrama Forest | |
|
Guiana: Siparuni river | |
|
Guiana: Barima-Waini, Baramita, Old World | |
|
Guiana: Barima-Waini, Baramita, Old World | |
|
Guiana: Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo | |
|
Guiana: Upper Demerara-Berbice | |
|
Equador: Napo | |
|
Equador: Napo, Parque Nacional Yasuni |