Chromosomes of Ctenidae (A), Ammoxenidae (B), Gnaphosidae (C, D), and Salticidae (E–I). Ctenus cf. pulchriventris (2n♂ = 28, X1X20) A prometaphase II. Ammoxenus amphalodes (2n♂ = 22, X1X20) B two metaphases II. Camillina maun (2n♂ = 22, X1X20) C metaphase II. Zelotes sp. (2n♂ = 22, X1X20) D metaphase II. Menemerus minshullae (2n♂ = 28, X1X20) E metaphase I F metaphase II. Nigorella hirsuta (2n♂ = 28, X1X20) G metaphase II. Thyenula haddadi (2n♂ = 28, X1X20) H metaphase II, one sister cell with sex chromosomes. Thyenula leighi (2n♂ = 28, X1X20) I diakinesis. Arrowheads indicate sex chromosomes. Scale bars: 10 μm.