Mitotic chromosomes from V. luteola (A, B), V. vexillata (C, D), V. minima (E, F), V. trilobata (G, H), and V. caracalla (I–L) stained using CPD method and sequential dual-colour FISH with digoxigenin-labelled 5S and biotin-labelled 45S rDNA probes. A, C, E, G, I are the chromosomes stained using CPD. The chromosome numbers are designated by karyotyping. B, D, F, H, J are the chromosomes displaying the 5S (red) and 45S rDNA (green) signals. The total DNA was counterstained using DAPI (blue). K, L are DAPI and PI grey scale images of the V. caracalla chromosomes stained using CPD, respectively. The images are converted to reverse images with Photoshop software. Arrows and arrowheads in I indicate the satellites and interstitial CPD bands, respectively. Scale bars: 10 µm.