The phylogenetic tree of Paraneoptera based on Shcherbakov and Popov (2002), Kluge (2020), Gavrilov-Zimin (2020) with modifications. The phylogenetic lines with the quiescent larval instars in ontogenesis are indicated by black solid circles (●); the lines with general reduction of the number of larval instars are indicated by black solid squares (■). Bold lines are used for paraphyletic taxa.