Research Article |
Corresponding author: Érica Alves Freitas ( ericaalsefre@gmail.com ) Academic editor: Petr Rab
© 2016 Érica Alves Freitas, Cristian Araya-Jaime, Elkin Suárez-Villota, Claudio Oliveira, Fausto Foresti.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Serrano EA, Araya-Jaime C, Suárez-Villota EY, Oliveira C, Foresti F (2016) Meiotic behavior and H3K4m distribution in B chromosomes of Characidium gomesi (Characiformes, Crenuchidae). Comparative Cytogenetics 10(2): 255-268. https://doi.org/10.3897/CompCytogen.v10i2.7939
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Characidium gomesi Travasso, 1956 specimens from the Pardo River have up to four heterochromatic supernumerary chromosomes, derived from the sex chromosomes. To access the meiotic behavior and distribution of an active chromatin marker, males and females of C. gomesi with two or three B chromosomes were analyzed. Mitotic chromosomes were characterized using C-banding and FISH with B chromosome probes. Meiocytes were subjected to immunofluorescence-FISH assay using anti-SYCP3, anti-H3K4m, and B chromosomes probes. Molecular homology of supernumeraries was confirmed by FISH and by its bivalent conformation in individuals with two of these chromosomes. In individuals with three Bs, these elements formed a bivalent and a univalent. Supernumerary and sex chromosomes exhibited H3K4m signals during pachytene contrasting with their heterochromatic and asynaptic nature, which suggest a more structural role than functional of this histone modification. The implications of this result are discussed in light of the homology, meiotic nuclear organization, and meiotic silencing of unsynapsed chomatin.
Immunodetection, Chromosome painting, SYCP3, synaptonemal complex
B chromosomes are genomic structures that are extra to the standard genome set, apparently inert and found throughout animals, plants and fungi (
The analysis of chromosome pairing during meiosis is a branch of cytogenetic in plants and animals, showing interesting aspects about the chromosome synapsis in the early stages of meiosis (
The genus Characidium Reinhardt, 1867 comprises a group of interesting fish for cytogenetic and molecular studies because of the ZZ/ZW sex determination system (
In this study, we addressed the meiotic behaviour of B chromosomes in specimens of C. gomesi by means of molecular cytogenetics and immunodetection techniques. B chromosome paint probes and antibodies against synaptonemal complex protein 3 (SYCP3) (
Nine males individuals and seven females of C. gomesi collected in the Rio Pardo basin of the Rio Paranapanema, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil (22°59'25"S and 48°25'40"W) were analyzed (Table
Ind. nº | Sex | Nº of cells with 0-3 Bs | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | ||
75231 | M | 4 | 15 | 3 | |
75232 | M | 4 | 15 | 5 | |
75233 | F | 25 | |||
75234 | M | 23 | |||
75236 | F | 7 | 8 | 4 | |
75237 | M | 8 | 11 | 8 | |
75238 | M | 3 | 8 | 15 | |
75239 | M | 8 | 2 | 9 | |
75240 | M | 1 | 6 | 10 | |
75241 | F | 2 | 4 | 11 | 12 |
75242 | M | 20 | |||
75250 | F | 6 | 2 | 6 | 17 |
75251 | F | 15 | |||
75252 | F | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
75253 | M | 17 | |||
75254 | F | 3 | 11 | 17 |
The B chromosome probe was produced as described by
Meiotic preparations were immersed for 20 min in 0.01 M citrate buffer preheated to 90 °C. Then, they were incubated in a humidified chamber at 37 °C for 1 h as described by
Meiotic preparations were hybridized with the B chromosome probe in accordance with the protocol from
Slides were stained with DAPI and mounted with an antifade solution (Vetashield). The images were digitally captured using Image Pro Plus 6.0 software (Media Cybernetics) with appropriate filters of the epifluorescence microscope (Olympus BX61) equipped with an Olympus DP70 camera. Final composition of the images was performed with the application of Adobe Photoshop CS6 image editor software, using image and uniform size scales.
The C. gomesi specimens showed 2n=50 chromosomes with ZZ/ZW sex chromosomes. In addition, we found individuals with 2–3 acrocentric B chromosomes, with intraindividual number variation (Fig.
Mitotic karyotype of female C. gomesi with three B chromosomes. a C-banding. Note heterochromatin pattern on B and sex chromosomes b Chromosome painting using a B chromosome probe and contrasted with DAPI. Notice probe hybridization on B and sex chromosomes. Bar = 10 μm.
All chromosomes of standard complement showed positive C-bands in the pericentromeric region. The W and B chromosomes showed completely dark C-banding, while the Z chromosome showed a large pericentromeric C-band (Figure
Twenty-five bivalents corresponding to the A chromosomes were identified by immunodetection with SYCP3 on cells in the pachytene stage of all individuals. Males and females bearing two B chromosomes exhibited cells with 25 and 26 bivalents (Figure
Synaptonemal complex of C. gomesi after immunodetection with anti-SCYP3 (green) and chromosome painting with B chromosome probe (red). a Male pachytene bearing two B chromosomes. Note the positive hybridization of the B paint probe on the bivalents of the B and Z chromosomes b Female diplotene bearing three B chromosomes. Note the presence of a B univalent and the ZW bivalent corresponding to the Z and W chromosomes, all positive for the B probe (right). Bar = 10 μm.
Meiotic cell of C. gomesi in pachytene stage with three supernumerary chromosomes. a Synaptonemal complex protein identified anti-SYCP3 (green) and B chromosome probe (red). Note the positive hybridization of B paint probe on two bivalents and one univalent (ZW, 2B and 1B, respectively) b Synaptonemal complex protein identified with anti-SYCP3 counterstained with DAPI (blue), evidencing ZW bivalent and the meiotic formations of B chromosomes; chromatin regions associated with transcriptional activities identified with anti-H3K4m (red) and DAPI consterstaining (blue) evidencing the ZW bivalent and the meiotic formations of B chromosomes. Bar = 10 μm.
The species of the Characidium genus have intriguing cytogenetic features because both sex and supernumerary chromosomes can be found in the same individual (
Despite sequence homology between B and sex chromosomes in C. gomesi (Figures
The chromosome pairing seen in meiosis has been interpreted as homology (
B chromosomes were detected by hybridization with a probe made from a single supernumerary chromosome (Figures
The existence of mechanisms limiting the multivalent pairing between homologous chromosomes was proposed to occur in autopolyploid plants, among which the presence of genetic factors can have a significant effect (see reviewed in
The lack of pairing of one of the B chromosomes in C. gomesi (Figure
In mammals, the levels of histone H3 mono-, di- and tri-methylation at lysine 4 is highly dynamic during the development of germ cells. In addition to the possible role of H3K4 methylation in chromatin reorganization, a connection to gene activation has been suggested (
On the other hand, because the lack of synapsis is strongly related to the meiotic silencing by the unpaired DNA process (MSUC) in several organisms (
This study was funded by the State of São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP), National Council for Research and Development (CNPq), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), and by CONICYT, Fondecyt 3160328 to EYS-V. We thank Dr. M. Yamashita for providing the SYCP3 antibody.